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Although its exact history is unknown, it is believed that the district is an ancient settlement, with its history dating back to 3000 BC. The district's old name was Malakopi, Melegobi, or Melegobia. The first inhabitants of Derinkuyu date back to the Assyrian colonies. Those who left traces (underground) were the Romans, and within the district itself, the Byzantines.
Throughout history, this community intermingled with outsiders, changing names and religions, eventually becoming known as Cappadocia. Turks began arriving after the Battle of Malazgirt in 1071, settling in the Çekme, Kızılören, Şemşili, Bölören, Topaleyüp, and Melizlik plateaus to the east of the district, and trying to make a living through animal husbandry. Elders say that in the 1830s, there were no houses on the surface in Derinkuyu.
The current name, Derinkuyu, was given because the people obtained their drinking water from wells 60-70 meters deep. Derinkuyu Underground City, the largest of Cappadocia's 36 underground cities, was opened to tourism in 1967 and has 8 levels. It also houses the world's oldest psychiatric hospital, which was operational until recently.
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